Fermentation is the process by which living organisms are cultured or grown to produce a specific product. The products can be as simple as baker's yeast and alcohols, or as complex as therapeutic proteins, antibiotics, enzymes and genetically engineered materials. Regardless of the end product, fermentation reaction must be carefully mounted to gauge the health of the culture, and to determine when the culture can be harvested. Since these are living organisms, the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the off-gases can be used to follow the progress of fermentation. The ratio of carbon dioxide to oxygen, called as the respiratory quotient (RQ) is the prime indicator of culture health. While these measurements can be made by several techniques, the most accurate RQ determination requires complete knowledge of the flow of gases into and out of the reactor. By virtue of its ability to measure all of the gases entering and exiting the reactor, the Ametek ProLine process mass spectrometer provides a highly refined control signal to maximize culture health and productivity.
Traditional Approach
Dissolved O2 and CO2 Probes
Fermentation reactors are typically equipped with in situ probes to measure dissolved O2 and CO2 in the broth. Both of these techniques are non-interactive, so that if one of the probes fails or falls out of calibration, the other probe does not reflect the failure. This would show as a shift in the balance of the respiratory quotient and might cause detrimental changes to the process. Both types of dissolved probe typically have relatively long sampling times (in the order of minutes) and they also exhibit poor recovery response when dosed with higher levels of O2 and CO2.
FTIR
In some laboratories, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) systems measure CO2 in the headspace and in conjunction with the dissolved CO2 probes, they provide a more accurate, higher-confidence RQ value. However, the FTIR in limited by its relative lack of resolution and more complex calibration schemes. In general, the FTIR is used only for CO2 headspace monitoring and therefore becomes a very expensive method to gather these numbers.
Ametek ProLine in Fermentation
The ProLine is a compact process mass spectrometer that can quantitatively measure all of the gases in the headspace above the culture simultaneously, with the sample point generally located at the exhaust port of the reactor. The inlet feed is also monitored. Sampling pressure can be either slightly above or slightly below atmospheric.
Ease of Maintenance and Calibration
The wide dynamic range of the ProLine allows gas species to be accurately measured from
PPM to percent (%) levels using a single calibration gas. Other technologies such as gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) require multi-point calibrations to cover the component ranges that are found in the analysis.
Complete Reaction information
Since the ProLine monitors the headspace of the reactor as well as the inlet gases, all of the expired components are measured and taken into account. Because of this, a complete mass balance measurement can be obtained and the necessary flow corrections made to ensure a true RQ value. This approach also provides rapid warning of a true RQ upset or any other abnormal conditions in the fermentation process.
Speed of Analysis Allows Multiple Reactor Monitoring
The ProLine can report all of the gas components in as little as two seconds. Taking into account valve delays and setting times, the analyzer can deliver a set of data points approximately every 30 seconds. Since the ProLine can have up to 16 sampling valves, multiple fermentation reactors can be monitored with a single Proline instrument. The typical fermentation analysis requires three calibration gases so that, even with the standard ProLine 8-valve system, five reactors can be controlled. Using one instrument also allows all of the data to be compared and catalogued more easily. Furthermore, GMP needs are met by logging all important events such as calibrations in a separate file. The weatherproof version offers up to 32 inlet ports for greater flexibility or for harsh environment locations. The instrument is also available with hazardous area approval.
To summarize, the benefits offered by Ametek Proline are :
1. Increase product yield, decrease cycle time.
2. Optimize fermentation efficiency.
3. Simultaneously measure O2,CO2,N2 & Ar.
4. Detect abnormal conditions.
5. Fast response time & high-speed updates.
6. Monitor multiple fermentation reactors with one instrument.
7. Use one instrument to replace many discrete analytical devices.
8. Eliminate RQ errors caused by probe failures.
9. Perform mass balance & RQ calculations.
-- The author is Manager - Mkt.Dev with Industrial & Commercial Enterprises (Asia) Pvt.Ltd, Mumbai