In what can be termed a stepping-stone to its quest to build a microscope that could see individual atoms in three dimensions, the IBM researchers have demonstrated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to visualize nanoscale objects. This technique developed by IBM's Almaden Research Centre San Jose, California, brings MRI capability to the nanoscale level.
"Using Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MFRM), IBM researchers have demonstrated two-dimensional imaging of objects as small as 90 nanometers, a key advancement on the path of 3D imaging at the atomic scale. Such imaging could ultimately provide a better understanding of how proteins function, which in turn may lead to more efficient drug discovery and development," said Dr Daniel Dias, director, IBM India Research Laboratory.
"This research brings us one step closer to our quest to build a microscope that we hope can eventually see atoms in three dimensions," said Dr Dias. "This would allow scientists to study the atomic structures of molecules -- such as proteins -- which would represent a huge breakthrough in structural molecular biology."
MFRM offers imaging sensitivity that is 60,000 times better than current MRI technology. MFRM uses what is known as force detection to overcome the sensitivity limitations of conventional MRI to view structures that would otherwise be too small to be detected.
To achieve this, the research team developed specialized magnetic tips for their microscope, optimizing their ability to manipulate and detect the very weak magnetism of atomic nuclei. Conventional medical MRI typically operates on a scale at least 1,000 times coarser; even the most specialized MRI microscopy is limited to about 3 micrometers, or 3,000 nanometers.
This achievement could eventually have major impact on the study of materials - ranging from proteins and pharmaceuticals to integrated circuits - for which a detailed understanding of the atomic structure is essential. Knowing the exact location of specific atoms within tiny nanoelectronic structures, for example, would enhance designers' insight into manufacture and performance. The ability to directly image the detailed atomic structure of proteins would aid the development of new drugs.
For more than a decade, IBM researchers have been making pioneering advancements in MRFM. With this latest achievement, the team is now able to make images with as few as 103 atoms as opposed to the 108 atoms required to make an image with today's MRI technology. This improved sensitivity extends MRI into the nanometer realm. (The nanometer realm is typically considered to be at dimensions below 100 nanometers; a nanometer is a billionth of a meter, the length spanned by about 5-10 atoms)
IBM Research has a distinguished history in developing microscopes for nanoscale imaging and science. Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM's Zurich Research Laboratory received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope, which can image individual atoms on electrically conducting surfaces.
The report on this work, "Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with 90-nm resolution," by H J Mamin1, M Poggio, C L Degen and D Rugar at IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Centre, San Jose, California and the Center for Probing the Nanoscale, Stanford University has been featured in the April 22 issue of Nature Nanotechnology.
IBM Research is the world's largest information technology research organization, with about 3,000 scientists and engineers in eight labs in six countries. IBM has produced more research breakthroughs than any other company in the IT industry.