The National Institutes of Health (NIH) research consortium study found that adults who had a common bariatric surgery to lose weight had significantly higher risk of alcohol use disorders (AUD) two years after surgery.
Researchers investigated alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders symptoms in 1,945 participants from the NIH-funded Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS), a prospective study of patients undergoing weight-loss surgery at one of 10 hospitals across the United States. Within 30 days before surgery, and again one and two years after surgery, study participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification (AUDIT) test. The test, developed by the World Health Organization, identifies symptoms of alcohol use disorders, a condition that includes alcohol abuse and dependence, commonly known as alcoholism.
Study participants were categorized as having AUD if they had at least one symptom of alcohol dependence, which included not being able to stop drinking once started, or alcohol-related harm, which included not being able to remember, or if their total AUDIT score was at least eight (out of 40).
About 70 per cent of the study participants had Roux-en-Y (RYGB) gastric bypass surgery, which reduces the size of the stomach and shortens the intestine, limiting food intake and the body's ability to absorb calories. Another 25 per cent had laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery, which makes the stomach smaller with an adjustable band. About five per cent of the patients had other, less common weight-loss surgeries.
Among participants who had the RYGB procedure, seven per cent reported symptoms of alcohol use disorders prior to surgery. There was no significant increase in AUD one year after surgery. However, by the second year after surgery, 10.7 per cent of patients reported symptoms of AUD, a relative increase of more than 50 per cent compared to pre-surgical rates.
One in eight LABS study participants reported having at least three drinks on a typical drinking day the second year after surgery. “This is concerning, given the negative impact heavy drinking may have on vitamin and mineral status, liver function and weight loss,” said Dr Wendy King, the study's lead author and an assistant professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health.
Although AUD prior to surgery was one of the strongest predictors of AUD after surgery, more than half of study participants with AUD after surgery did not report having the condition during the year before surgery.
Regular alcohol use before surgery - at least two drinks per week - was also independently related to a higher risk of postoperative AUD. In addition to prior AUD and drinking frequency, patients with less social support or who reported preoperative recreational drug use or smoking before surgery were more likely to report symptoms of AUD after surgery. Men and younger adults were also more likely to develop AUD. Depressive symptoms, mental health treatment, and binge eating prior to surgery were not independently related to an increased likelihood of AUD after surgery.
“The study results suggest that clinicians should be aware of the importance of monitoring for signs and symptoms of AUD and consider counselling after bariatric surgery,” said Dr Mary Horlick, project scientist for LABS at the NIH's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
Previous studies suggesting that bariatric surgery may increase the risk for alcohol use disorders were small, retrospective and used a variety of assessment methods. “This first prospective study of AUD symptoms before and after surgery was done in a large number of people from 10 hospitals across the United States, using a validated and reliable alcohol use screening method,” said Horlick.
The prevalence of bariatric surgery to treat obesity has increased dramatically with the use of less-invasive laparoscopic techniques and availability of additional surgical procedures. More than one-third of U.S. adults are obese (having a body mass index, or BMI, of 30 or higher), and almost six per cent are extremely obese, defined as a BMI of 40 or more. BMI is a measure of weight in relation to height.
Initially, bariatric surgery was reserved for people with a BMI of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35 or higher with a serious health problem. Mounting evidence that supports the surgery's effectiveness in helping people shed pounds, reverse risk factors for heart disease, and in some cases, reverse type 2 diabetes, has led doctors to consider it as a therapy for people with less severe obesity.
“These findings show that there is much more to learn about bariatric surgery and how it influences a patient's health and well-being,” said Dr Griffin P Rodgers, director, NIDDK. “It is important that patients and their doctors be fully aware of short- and long-term benefits and risks of bariatric surgery. We hope the LABS results will help researchers identify clinical questions that require further research, including better understanding of the risk of AUD.”
The NIDDK, part of the NIH, conducts and supports basic and clinical research and research training on some of the most common, severe and disabling conditions affecting Americans. The Institute's research interests include: diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases, nutrition, and obesity; and kidney, urologic and haematologic diseases.
NIH, the nation's medical research agency, and is a component of the US Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases.