Even as the WHO released its first ever treatment guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with hepatitis C, the international medical humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has cautioned the Indian government that unless medicines of hepatitis C are made more affordable, the country will squander its opportunity to scale up diagnosis and treatment for the disease.
With patent barriers on new oral drugs to treat hepatitis C in developing countries, the high price of new treatment could squander the opportunity governments now have to scale up diagnosis and treatment for the disease, the MSF warned the Indian government.
Welcoming the first-ever WHO guidelines for hepatitis C virus (HCV), Dr Jennifer Cohn, Medical Director for MSF’s Access Campaign, said, “These guidelines give countries a road map for screening and treating a disease which affects 150 million people worldwide, including some marginalised populations”. “The critical aspect now is implementing them, and this hinges on ensuring that access to new drugs and diagnostics is not hampered by patent barriers that undermine low-cost generic supply.”
Current hepatitis C treatment involves using pegylated interferon, which is not only expensive, but is also complex for resource-limited settings and can cause side effects so severe in some people it causes them to stop treatment early and can deter other people from starting. The limitations of current treatment mean countries have been reluctant to address HCV, and have even hindered MSF’s ability to respond to the disease, with only a small number of people on treatment in India.
“We welcome the release of these guidelines as they provide guidance on how to start treatment in resource-limited settings but, equally as important, is the registration of new oral drugs in middle-income countries like India”, said Dr Simon Janes, medical coordinator of MSF in India. “Without access to the newer treatments that are coming out of the pipeline, our ability to implement effective treatment programs will be hampered.”
New oral drugs sofosbuvir and simeprevir, known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), have emerged on the market within the last six months, with regulators approving sofosbuvir in late 2013. These new drugs and those still in development have the potential to revolutionise treatment, with studies showing cure rates higher than 90 per cent for people with some genotypes of the disease. The new guidelines strongly recommend treatment using sofosbuvir for four of the six genotypes of the disease in regimens that either eliminate or reduce the need for pegylated interferon, depending on the genotype.
But the price of the DAAs is prohibitive. Sofosbuvir has been released in the US with a price tag of US$84,000 for 12 weeks’ treatment, which equates to $1,000 per pill. Simeprevir costs around $45,000 for 12 weeks’ treatment in Russia and sofosbuvir could be priced as much as $5,000 in Thailand. At these prices, access in middle-income countries – where 75 per cent of the world’s poor actually live is likely to be extremely limited.
“The price Gilead says it will charge for sofosbuvir in developing countries is still far too high for people to afford”, said Rohit Malpani, Director of Policy and Advocacy for MSF’s Access Campaign. “When you’re starting from such an exorbitant price in the US, the price Gilead will offer middle-income countries like Thailand and Indonesia may seem like a good discount, but it will still be too expensive for many of these countries to scale up treatment.”
DAAs can however be produced generically in India and marketed at very affordable prices, just like antiretrovirals (ARVs) used in the treatment of HIV. A study by researchers at Liverpool University however has found that a twelve-week course of sofosbuvir could cost as low as $68-$136. It’s possible that diagnosis and treatment together could cost as little as $500. Gold-standard diagnosis and first-line treatment for HIV today costs under $200 per person per year; just over a decade ago, HIV treatment alone cost as much as $10,000 per person per year.
“Bringing the price down will be critical to scaling up treatment, so if the cost of drugs are unaffordable, countries should use all the legal means available to ensure affordable access”, said Leena Menghaney, India Manager for MSF’s Access Campaign. “Already, civil society groups have filed patent oppositions in India to ensure affordability and generic production; with 12 million people estimated to be infected with chronic hepatitis C in India, there’s a lot at stake.”
At the same time, funding for HCV treatment must be ramped up both on a national and on a global level, as countries face an epidemic on a scale far larger than HIV.