AstraZeneca, a global, innovation-driven biopharmaceutical business, announced results from an observational, retrospective study which found no evidence of increased risk of hospitalisation for heart failure (hHF) with saxagliptin, compared with sitagliptin, both of which are dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, in patients with type 2 diabetes.
A similar finding was obtained when comparing the overall DPP-4 class to sulfonylureas. The analysis included patients with and without prior cardiovascular disease (CVD), and among those patients without prior cardiovascular disease (CVD), DPP-4 treatment was associated with statistically significant lower risk for hHF compared to treatment with sulfonylureas.
The data were presented during a late-breaker poster session at the 75th scientific sessions of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in Boston, 5-9 June 2015.
“These new data provide valuable real-world information regarding the cardiovascular safety of the DPP-4 inhibitor class in patients with type 2 diabetes,” said Alex Fu, PhD, principal investigator for this study and associate professor, Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, D.C.
“In particular, the study findings provide new information on the risk of hospitalisation for heart failure for DPP-4 inhibitors, and specifically for saxagliptin relative to sitagliptin, within this class.”
The real-world evidence study used a retrospective, observational, new-user cohort design comprised of US inpatient medical, outpatient medical, and outpatient pharmacy insurance claims data for patients with type 2 diabetes from August 2010 to August 2013. Both commercial and medicare databases were part of the analysis. Analyses of the claims were stratified by the presence or absence of baseline CVD, which was defined as patients having at least one medical claim with any CVD code, and those without CVD. Patients in the comparator groups were matched for demographic, clinical and hHF risk factors using propensity score matching.
For the comparison of saxagliptin versus sitagliptin for the risk of hHF, more than 100,000 patients were included. For patients with baseline CVD, the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.95: 95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 0.70, 1.28. For patients with no baseline CVD, the HR was 0.99: 95 per cent CI: 0.56, 1.75.
For the comparison of DPP-4 inhibitors versus sulfonylureas, more than 200,000 patients were included. For patients with CVD at baseline, the HR was 0.95: 95 per cent CI: 0.78, 1.15. For patients with no baseline CVD, the HR was 0.59: 95 per cent CI: 0.38, 0.89.
Secondary outcomes of this retrospective, observational analysis, including hospitalisation for acute myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina; coronary revascularisation; and a composite of all outcomes together, including hHF, were consistent with the primary findings of this study. While the study observations provide important information, all retrospective claims database studies have inherent limitations that include the potential for bias due to their retrospective non-randomised design and the potential for incomplete or inaccurate claims data.
The real-world evidence analysis follows the findings of the SAVOR (Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus) study, published in October 2013 in the New England Journal of Medicine. The study was a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IV clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of CVD, designed and conducted in accordance with the 2008 FDA guidance, “Diabetes Mellitus – Evaluating Cardiovascular Risk in New Antidiabetic Therapies to Treat Type 2 Diabetes.” Patients who participated in SAVOR had either a history of established CVD or multiple risk factors for vascular disease, including renal impairment. The primary objective of this trial was to determine that the addition of saxagliptin to standard of care in this patient population did not significantly increase the incidence of major cardiovascular events as compared with placebo.
SAVOR met the primary safety objective, demonstrating that saxagliptin did not increase the risk for cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and nonfatal ischaemic stroke when added to a patient’s current standard of care (with or without other antidiabetic therapies), as compared with placebo (613 patients [3.7 per 100 person-years] in the saxagliptin group compared with 609 patients [3.7 per 100 person-years] in the placebo group ( HR: 1.00; [95 per cent CI: 0.89, 1.12]; non-inferiority p-value < 0.001; superiority p-value = 0.99).
For the secondary endpoint of nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death, hospitalisation for heart failure, hospitalisation for unstable angina, or hospitalisation for coronary revascularisation, no treatment differences were observed between saxagliptin and placebo (HR 1.02 [95 per cent CI 0.94, 1.11]; nominal p=0.66 for a difference between the two treatment groups). However, an increased risk for hHF, a component of the balanced secondary endpoint, was observed with saxagliptin treatment. The analysis showed a numerical imbalance with more events on saxagliptin [289 (3.5 per cent and 228 (2.8 per cent) (HR 1.27 [95 per cent CI 1.07, 1.51]; nominal p=0.007), although a causal relationship has not been established. Caution is warranted if saxagliptin is used in patients who have known risk factors for hospitalisation for heart failure, such as a history of heart failure or moderate to severe renal impairment.
As of March 2015, Onglyza is approved in more than 90 countries, including those in the European Union, the United States, Canada, Mexico, India, Brazil and China. Onglyza is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in multiple clinical settings. Onglyza should not be used for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus or diabetic ketoacidosis. Onglyza has not been studied in patients with a history of pancreatitis.
Komboglyze is formulated with metformin and therefore is contraindicated in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <60 mL/min), diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic impairment, or acute or chronic disease that may cause tissue hypoxia, such as cardiac or respiratory failure, recent MI, or shock.
Saxagliptin belongs to the class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Incretin hormones decrease elevated blood sugar levels (glucose) by increasing the body’s utilization of sugar, mainly through increasing insulin production in the pancreas, and by reducing the liver’s production of glucose. DPP-4 inhibitors work by increasing the activity of the incretin hormones, increasing the release of insulin when glucose levels are elevated and reducing the levels of sugar produced by the liver.
Diabetes is estimated to affect 29.1 million people in the US and more than 382 million people worldwide. The prevalence of diabetes is projected to reach more than 592 million people worldwide by 2035. Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90-95 per cent of all cases of diagnosed diabetes in the US. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease characterised by pathophysiologic defects leading to elevated glucose levels. Significant unmet needs still exist, as many patients remain inadequately controlled on their current glucose-lowering regimen. It is estimated that more than half of people living with type 2 diabetes are not achieving recommended HbA1c goals based on guidelines established by professional societies and advocacy organisations for diabetes management.