National Institutes of Health (NIH) researchers have identified a striking signature in tumour DNA that occurs in five different types of cancer. They also found evidence that this methylation signature may be present in many more types of cancer. The specific signature results from a chemical modification of DNA called methylation, which can control the expression of genes like a dimmer on a light switch.
Higher amounts of DNA methylation (hypermethylation), like that found by the researchers in some tumour DNA, decreases a gene's activity. Based on this advance, the researchers hope to spur development of a blood test that can be used to diagnose a variety of cancers at early stages, when treatments can be most effective. The study appeared February 5, 2016, in The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.
“Finding a distinctive methylation-based signature is like looking for a spruce tree in a pine forest,” said Laura Elnitski, Ph.D., a computational biologist in the Division of Intramural Research at NIH’s National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). “It’s a technical challenge to identify, but we found an elevated methylation signature around the gene known as ZNF154 that is unique to tumours.” Dr. Elnitski is head of the Genomic Functional Analysis Section and senior investigator in the Translational and Functional Genomics Branch at NHGRI.
In 2013, her research group discovered a methylation mark (or signature) around ZNF154 in 15 tumour types in 13 different organs and deemed it a possible universal cancer biomarker. Biomarkers are biological molecules that indicate the presence of disease. Dr. Elnitski’s group identified the methylation mark using DNA taken from solid tumors.
“No one in my group slept the night after that discovery,” Dr. Elnitski said. “We were so excited when we found this candidate biomarker. It’s the first of its kind to apply to so many types of cancer.”
In this new study, they developed a series of steps that uncovered telltale methylation marks in colon, lung, breast, stomach and endometrial cancers. They showed that all the tumour types and subtypes consistently produced the same methylation mark around ZNF154.
"Finding the methylation signature was an incredibly arduous and valuable process," said NHGRI scientific director Dan Kastner, M.D., Ph.D. “These findings could be an important step in developing a test to identify early cancers through a blood test.”
The NIH Intramural Sequencing Center sequenced the tumour DNA that had been amplified using a technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Dr. Elnitski and her group then analysed the results, finding elevated levels of methylation at ZNF154 across the different tumor types.
To verify the connection between increased methylation and cancer, Dr. Elnitski’s group developed a computer programme that looked at the methylation marks in the DNA of people with and without cancer. By feeding this information into the programme, they were able to predict a threshold for detecting tumour DNA. Even when they reduced the amount of methylated molecules by 99 per cent, the computer could still detect the cancer-related methylation marks in the mixture. Knowing that tumours often shed DNA into the bloodstream, they calculated the proportions of circulating tumour DNA that could be found in the blood.
Dr. Elnitski will next begin screening blood samples from patients with bladder, breast, colon, pancreatic and prostate cancers to determine the accuracy of detection at low levels of circulating DNA. Tumour DNA in a person with cancer typically comprises between 1 and 10 per cent of all DNA circulating in the bloodstream. The group noted that when 10 per cent of the circulating DNA contains the tumour signature, their detection rate is quite good. Because the methylation could be detected at such low levels, it should be adequate to detect advanced cancer as well as some intermediate and early tumors, depending on the type.
Dr. Elnitski’s group will also collaborate with Christina Annunziata, M.D., Ph.D., an investigator in the Women's Malignancies Branch and head of the Translational Genomics Section at NIH’s National Cancer Institute (NCI). They will test blood samples from women with ovarian cancer to validate the process over the course of treatment and to determine if this type of analysis leads to improved detection of a recurrence and, ultimately, improved outcomes.
“Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect in its early stages, and there are no proven early detection methods,” said Dr. Annunziata. “We need a reliable biomarker for detecting the disease when a cure is more likely. We are looking forward to testing Dr. Elnitski’s novel approach using DNA methylation signatures.”
Current blood tests are specific to a known tumour type. In other words, clinicians must first find the tumour, remove a sample of it and determine its genome sequence. Once the tumour-specific mutations are known, they can be tracked for appearance in the blood. The potential of the new approach is that no prior knowledge of cancer is required, it would be less intrusive than other screening approaches like colonoscopies and mammograms and it could be used to follow individuals at high risk for cancer or to monitor the activity of a tumor during treatment. Once the blood test is developed, the scientific community must conduct studies to ensure that it does not indicate the presence of cancer when it is not there or miss cancer when it is there.
Dr. Elnitski does not yet understand the connection between tumors and elevated DNA methylation. It may represent derailment of normal processes in the cell, or it may have something to do with the fact that tumours consume a lot of energy and circumvent the cellular processes that keep growth in check. Researchers also don’t know exactly what the gene ZNF154 does.
“We have laid the groundwork for developing a diagnostic test, which offers the hope of catching cancer earlier and dramatically improving the survival rate of people with many types of cancer,” Dr. Elnitski said.