India has enacted a transparent and streamlined regulatory mechanism and process for the use of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) in the pharmaceutical industry during the various stages of R&D, testing, manufacture and import of LMOs as drugs, with effect from 1st April 2006.

To streamline the regulatory process in respect of the r- Pharma Sector under the 'Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, And Export And Storage Of Hazardous Micro Organisms Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989', framed under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) had formed a Task Force on r-Pharma under the chairmanship of Dr RA Mashelkar, DG-CSIR to review the current framework and recommend a transparent and streamlined regulatory mechanism and process for the use of LMOs as drugs.

The Task Force held five meetings during the period April 2004 to June 2005. The review and recommendations of the Task Force were based on a consultative approach involving a large number of stakeholders spanning diverse interests. The draft final report was posted on the MoEF website for a period of 6 weeks for further stakeholder consultation. Based on the recommendations and comments received, the report was adopted by the members of the Task Force on June 13, 2005.

The chairman of the Task Force, Dr RA Mashelkar, DG-CSIR presented the report to Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Thiru A Raja on September 13, 2005 for consideration of the Government. The recommendations were subsequently adopted by the Ministry Of Environment And Forests, Department Of Biotechnology, Drugs Controller General of India And Ministry Of Health in the inter-ministerial held on 23rd January 2006.

The recommendations and procedures outlined by the Task Force have been adopted by the Government of India and came into in force from April 1, 2006. Accordingly, the recommendations and procedures under 'Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, And Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro Organisms Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989' of EPA, 1986 shall be applicable in respect of recombinant Pharma products under Rules 1989.

The definition of LMOs will include only those organisms modified by r-DNA techniques through human interventions where the end product is living modified organism. As per the step -wise regulatory procedure for use of LMOs as drugs- The product where the end product is a LMO has the potential for propagating /replicating in the environment and therefore needs a higher level of regulation as compared to products derived from LMOs where the end product is not a LMO. Further the magnitude and probability of environmental risk depends on the extent of use of LMOs within the R&D and production units. In case of imports this risk is not there especially in cases of import of therapeutic proteins in finished form.

Further taking into consideration the regulatory objective of RCGM, GEAC and DCGI and the risks involved in the use of LMOs during the research & product development, manufacture and import from the environmental angle, the Task Force has rationalized the regulatory procedure for five categories that include- Indigenous product development, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products derived from LMOs but the end product is not a LMO; Indigenous product development, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products where the end product is a LMO; Import and marketing of LMOs as Drugs / Pharmaceuticals in finished formulations where the end product is a LMO; Import and marketing of LMOs as Drugs / Pharmaceuticals in bulk for making finished formulation where the end product is a LMO; and Import and marketing of products derived from LMOs as Drugs / Pharmaceuticals in bulk and / or finished formulations where the end product is not a LMO. The step-wise regulatory procedure for each category has been indicated in five different Protocols.

Time lines for decisions by the regulatory Committees / Competent authorities had been framed. RCGM approval for pre-clinical animal studies will take 45 days, DCGI approval for Human Clinical Trials protocol will take 45 days, DCGI examination of clinical trial data and response will take 90 days and DCGI and GEAC decisions (simultaneous) will take place within 45 days.

Other recommendations include- The products emanating from monoclonals derived from rDNA technology in the form of therapeutic proteins / drugs would attract the provisions of Rule 1989 of EPA, and can be treated under Protocol I as Risk Category I and II.

If there is a change in the host organism or expression construct, fresh permission will be required to be sought from RCGM for the change by providing adequate data on bio-equivalence. If the data is found to be inadequate then RCGM may prescribe limited pre-clinical and / or clinical studies to be conducted to establish bioequivalence. This would also be applicable to finished imported products intended for marketing.