A new study from infectious disease researchers at The Miriam Hospital and Brown Medical School finds that a drug already given orally to treat HIV is also safe when applied as a vaginal microbicide gel. Microbicides are designed to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and may be formulated as vaginal gels, foams, creams, or suppositories.
"The results of this study may change the way the research community looks at developing safe and effective microbicides," said lead author Kenneth H. Mayer, an infectious disease physician at The Miriam Hospital and professor of medicine and community health at Brown Medical School.
"Analysing the compounds that already have been shown to be successful HIV treatment drugs, and evaluating them for their potential to prevent transmission of infection is an innovative approach that shows great promise," added Mayer.
According to a media release, the multi-site study suggests that as a vaginal gel, tenofovir produced mild or no side effects in both HIV positive and HIV negative women. Tenofovir is the active ingredient in the antiretroviral drug Viread made by Gilead Sciences.
Currently, there is no microbicide available that has been approved for widespread use. The tenofovir study was a safety and product acceptability study and did not evaluate if the microbicide would be effective in preventing the transmission of HIV in women. Expanded safety and effectiveness testing is needed.
"The data will pave the way for further studies that will ultimately evaluate whether the gel protects women from HIV infection. As the first investigational microbicide to contain an antiretroviral agent, tenofovir gel can prevent HIV from replicating, unlike other microbicides which have been designed to block HIV entry into cells, or have other mechanisms of action," says co-author Lisa A. Maslankowski, medical director of the HIV Prevention Research Division at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
If HIV cannot replicate, the authors infer, it is unlikely that it will be able to survive in the body long enough to cause infection. Prior research shows that tenofovir, when applied as a vaginal gel in monkeys, can block the transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), an animal virus that is very similar to HIV.
Approximately 5 million people will be infected with HIV this year, almost half of them women. Because the majority of new HIV infections occur via heterosexual intercourse, there is a need for new ways to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. Although condoms can offer protection from HIV, in many societies women's legal and social status is subordinate to men's and they may not be able to negotiate their effective use, the paper states.
"A safe and effective topical microbicide would offer women an HIV prevention method that they could control," said Mayer.
In addition, researchers evaluated a subgroup of women in the study to determine if the active ingredient in tenofovir gel was absorbed into their bloodstream. Approximately half of these women had low tenofovir levels in their plasma at one or more times during the 14-day study. Further evaluation is needed to determine if absorption of tenofovir into the bloodstream could be beneficial in enhancing the gel's effectiveness or could cause adverse long-term side effects.
The study participants included 84 women, 18 to 45 years of age. Of those, 60 were not infected with HIV and 24 were HIV-infected women. All participants used the study product for 14 consecutive days and received frequent safety assessments and pelvic exams during the study at one of four research sites: The Miriam Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; Harlem Hospital and Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Centre, both in New York.
The most common adverse effects reported by women were mild in nature, mainly itching and increased vaginal discharge. None of the participants experienced significant changes in laboratory tests while using the gel.
Past safety trials of microbicides showed that certain gels caused ulcerations and inflammation in women that could actually facilitate HIV transmission. The favourable findings of the tenofovir gel's phase I safety and acceptability trial has already led to a larger phase II safety study in at-risk women due to begin in the spring of 2006.
According to the study, there was a high acceptability rate among participants, as 94 per cent of women said they would definitely or probably use the gel if it were available and they wanted protection from HIV transmission.
The study was supported by the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) and sponsored by: the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institute on Drug Abuse; and National Institute of Mental Health and Office of AIDS Research, of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), US Department of Health and Human Services.