A new study focused on anxiety and brain activity pinpoints the brain regions that are relevant to developing childhood anxiety. The findings, published in the August 12 edition of the journal Nature, may lead to new strategies for early detection and treatment of at-risk children.

"Children with anxious temperaments suffer from extreme shyness, persistent worry, and increased bodily responses to stress," says Dr. Ned H. Kalin, chair of psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, who led the research.

"It has long been known that these children are at increased risk of developing anxiety, depression and associated substance abuse disorders."

"We believe that young children who have higher activity in these brain regions are more likely to develop anxiety and depression as adolescents and adults, and are also more likely to develop drug and alcohol problems in an attempt to treat their distress," says Kalin.

Previous research led by Kalin established that anxious young monkeys are similar to children who are temperamentally anxious. In the current study, researchers examined the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence activity in the anxiety-related brain regions that may make children vulnerable.

In the largest imaging study of non-human primates, the researchers at UW-Madison scanned the brains of 238 young rhesus monkeys, all of which belong to the same extended family. The monkeys underwent a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, which in humans is used to understand regional brain function by measuring the brain's use of glucose.

Key findings of the study include: Young rhesus monkeys from a large related family showed a clear pattern of inherited anxious temperament; Monkeys with anxious temperaments had higher activity in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the anterior hippocampus. In addition, researchers could predict an individual's degree of anxious temperament by its brain activity; Genes and environmental factors affected activity in the amygdala and hippocampus in different ways, providing a brain-based understanding of how nature and nurture might interact to determine an individual's vulnerability to developing common psychiatric disorders.

First author Jonathan Oler, associate scientist in the department of psychiatry at the UW School of Medicine and Public Health, says the findings were a surprise.

"We expected that all of the brain regions involved in anxious temperament would be similarly affected by genes and environment, but found that activity in the anterior hippocampus was more heritable than in the amygdale," says Oler.

The new discovery may ultimately lead to new ways to detect anxiety in children, says Drew Fox, a graduate student working with Kalin and a co-author on the study.

"Markers of familial risk for anxiety could be identified by understanding alterations in specific genes that influence hippocampal function," says Fox.

The study suggests that there is a tremendous opportunity to modify the environment to prevent children from developing full-blown anxiety.

"My feeling is that the earlier we intervene with children, the more likely they will be able to lead a happy life in which they aren't as controlled by anxiety and depression," says Kalin, who is also director of the UW HealthEmotions Research Institute. "We think we can train vulnerable kids to settle their brains down."

Under Kalin's leadership, researchers at the HealthEmotions Research Institute are translating these findings to humans by measuring amygdala and hippocampal function in young children who have early signs of anxiety and depression.

Kalin emphasizes that the research could not have been accomplished without the important contributions of collaborators including Steve Shelton, Richie Davidson and Terry Oakes, of University of Wisconsin; Tom Dyer, Wendy Shelledy and John Blangero of the Southwest Foundation; and Jeff Rogers of Baylor University.