A large, multi-site trial designed to examine the safety and preliminary effectiveness of two candidate topical microbicides to prevent HIV infection has opened to volunteer enrolment.

The trial, sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), represents a partnership among various research institutions in Africa and the United States.

Although no licensed microbicides are available to the public currently, scientists hope these agents - designed to be applied to the surface of the vagina to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - will one day be a key tool in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the release states.

"The majority of new cases of HIV infection in women result from heterosexual intercourse, but women may not always be able to insist that their male partners use measures to prevent HIV transmission," notes NIAID director Anthony S. Fauci. "If effective, microbicides would be a valuable woman-controlled means of slowing the pace of the HIV/AIDS epidemic," he added.

The first volunteers were enrolled the week of February 7, 2005, at sites in Durban, South Africa, and at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Enrolment will begin shortly at sites in four additional African countries: Malawi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. Approximately 3,220 women will be enrolled in the trial, which is expected to last approximately 30 months.

"This is the first microbicide safety and effectiveness trial of this magnitude to be conducted by NIAID," Roberta J. Black, Topical Microbicide Team Leader in NIAID's Division of AIDS said adding, "It is a critical trial evaluating two topical microbicides with differing mechanisms of action."

The microbicides to be tested are PRO 2000 and BufferGel. Produced by Indevus Pharmaceuticals (Lexington, Massachusetts), PRO 2000 has shown activity against HIV and other STIs in both laboratory and animal testing. It is believed to act by inhibiting the entry of HIV and other pathogens into body cells. BufferGel, a product of ReProtect, Inc. (Baltimore, Maryland), boosts the natural acidity of the vagina in the presence of seminal fluid that neutralizes the vaginal environment. An acidic environment inactivates HIV as well as other pathogens, the release added.